We used principles from veterinary surgery to create a sterile operating field to minimize infections and complications. Wright and Whitaker (2001) and Gentz (2007) described general surgery and anesthesia techniques as well as the use of prophylactic antibiotics in amphibian surgery, but not in reference to amputation.
To our knowledge, there are no other anesthesia, pain management, or surgery protocols for limb amputation in the literature. This technique may also be applicable to other amphibian species for any type of limb surgery not limited to studying limb regeneration. This protocol provides a safe, reproducible, and humane technique to perform amputation surgery on adult amphibians, specifically Rana pipiens. 2007), neuroplasticity ( Constantine-Paton and Capranica 1976a, b Maden 1981), and neurogenesis ( Scalia et al. 2009), oncogenesis ( Outzen and Custer 1976 Outzen et al. 2007a, b 2008 Lee and Raines 2008), zoological impacts of various pollutants ( Shenoy et al. 1977), anti-tumor ribonucleases ( Ardelt et al. Suggestions for infection prevention are covered with a sample treatment plan to ensure that all of the animals have a positive outcome and all of the surgeries have reproducible results.Īdult Rana pipiens frogs are used as a model to investigate mechanisms of vertebrate organ regeneration ( Smith 1967 Borgens et al. This protocol establishes a humane anesthesia technique while maintaining physiological homeostasis during procedures in amphibians as well as a post-operative care plan addressing the clinical benefits of using analgesics in pain management. Amphibian patients are very sensitive to drug dosages, changes in temperature, humidity and water quality here, special attention is given to these factors. However, useful information is not readily available regarding current anesthesia methods or effective and humane analgesia use in amphibians. Anesthesia and the effect it has on the frogs can vary based on the methods and post-operative care exercised during surgery. Being able to revive the animal successfully with little or no side effects is paramount to these studies. To elucidate regenerative processes, it is necessary to amputate the limb to study the processes associated with wound healing, blastema formation, and morphogenesis. In regenerative biology, the adult Rana pipiens frog is an important alternative to other frog models, such as Xenopus laevis, because it offers the opportunity to study and attempt to augment limb regeneration in an animal that spends significant time out of water and bears weight on its limbs. At least nine other states have done the same.Adult Rana pipiens frogs are used as a model to investigate mechanisms of vertebrate organ regeneration, anti-tumor ribonucleases, zoological impacts of various pollutants, oncogenesis, neuroplasticity, and neurogenesis. She took her case to court, which ultimately led to a state law that requires students be given an alternative to real animals. But that changed in 1987, when 15-year-old Jenifer Graham of Victorville, Calif., refused to dissect a frog in her biology class. Using dead animals to make these connections used to be the only option for students, whether they liked it or not. "What does this particular organ feel like? How stiff is it? Is it compressible?" "There's something visceral and important about the real thing," says David Evans, executive director of the National Science Teachers Association. Rats, cats, and fetal pigs all give insight into how our own bodies work. In high school the animals get even bigger. First, the class cut open an earthworm, then a chicken wing. "But are we really interested in how frogs' bodies work?" Glotfelty asks the class. Glotfelty's goal is to get them over the squeamish hump.
The smell was awful, but it was worth it. Once I opened it, this horrendous smell came out of it.
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